#10: The Portuguese empire 1415-2002 (greatest size-6.98% of the planet)
Despite the fact that the sunny paradise of Portugal has always been a small country with a smaller population (even today it roughly numbers between 10-11 million), it was the aptly-named 'Portuguese Overseas Empire' or Imperio Portuguese that became the world's first 'global' empire. This all began in 1419 when Portuguese sailors used the country's maritime wealth and strength to travel the world, opening up many previously undiscovered sea routes and making the country rich off of the trade of spices and souvenirs from far away lands.
The process of Portugal's expansion and discovery of new and wonderful places sped up in 1488 when Bartolomeu Dias rounded the 'cape of good hope' and 10 years later when Vasco De Gama landed in India, further paving the way for Portuguese expansion by establishing the largest territories of the Portuguese empire and introducing the Portuguese Language to Southern America. This continued further with the illustrious albeit accidental discovery of Brazil by Pedro Alvares Cabral who introduced the Portuguese language to what would become the empire's biggest territory. Over the next 80 years, Portugal further expanded its influence by establishing trade posts in far away lands like Japan, the Middle East and East Africa before slowly entering into an alliance with the more powerful Spanish empire between 1580-1640 in order to keep its own domains safe.
However, this came with unintended side-effects as the Portuguese empire was repeatedly attacked by Spain's three main enemies during the 17th century (The Dutch Republic, France and England) which resulted in a slow decline over the next 300 years marked by the independence of Brazil in 1822, the Goa crisis in 1961, the African colonial wars in the mid 1970s and the handing-over of the Macau territory to China in 1999 which essentially marked the end of the Portuguese empire.
#9: The Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 (greatest size-7.45% of the planet)
There are many empires in history that have come so close to achieving their ultimate aims but have been turned back at the last moment by either a cultural movement, a disastrous battle and/or military campaign or a period of stagnation and the mighty yet ill-fated Islamic Abbasid Caliphate is no exception. When it started out, the Caliphate encompassed only the region around Baghdad in modern Iraq but occupied lands stretching from the edge of Afghanistan, through the Caucasus underneath Russia, through Turkey and the middle-east and onwards to Morocco at its height in the late 9th century. The empire initially was a huge superpower and a massive threat to the fractured Christian states of the Mediterranean and further deep into Europe, if the huge might of the Caliphate's armies could gain a foothold in Europe then this would mean that the empire could one day reach the glorious height of the legendary Roman empire.
Yet despite the respect of the leaders of the empire being descended from one of the prophet Muhammad's uncles and the fact that the Caliphate ruled over some of the most holiest sites in the Muslim world. The 'golden age' of the empire where any resistance to expansion in Morocco and Spain was ferociously crushed between 750 and 900 began to start to fade after local 'emirs' in modern Iraq and Iran began to exert independence from the central government near the end of the 9th century and create their own territories with minimal adherence to the main Caliph. This in turn resulted in a spree of similar occurrences where local generals and rulers began to cede from the central government and form their own, smaller Caliphates across the empire.
Eventually the rule of the Abbasid Caliphs ended in 1258 when Baghdad was sacked by the Mongols but was reinstated 3 years later in Egypt where the Abbasid dynasty ruled the empire in part until the country was taken over by the Ottoman Turkish empire in 1519 marking the end of the Caliphate for good.
#8: The French Colonial Empire 1534-1980 (greatest size-8.73% of the planet)
Throughout the history of Europe, France has continually fought against England (later Great Britain), Spain and Germany either one at a time or all at the same time. In turn this rivalry between France, Spain and England prompted the French government in the middle of the 16th century to establish small colonies in North Africa and America, the Caribbean and India. By far the greatest success of this early colonial French empire was the successful support given by the French government to anti-British revolutionaries during the American war of Independence (1775-1781). However, unfortunately for the early-era French empire, the continuous defeats of French armies and navies by the forces of Great Britain, The Dutch Republic, the German state of Prussia and the Russian empire particularly between 1700-1815 kept this stage of expansion from proceeding much further.
As the last vestiges of Napoleon I's rule died off after the legendarily climactic and bloody battle of Waterloo in 1815 however, the French began to once more expand their power and influence across the world beginning with the occupation of North and West Africa and then moving onto Madagascar, some southern pacific islands and later territories in China, Vietnam, and Korea. This new wave was based on the retrospectively racist assumption summed up by Jules Ferry that "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilise the inferior races".
Yet despite the 'golden age' of the French empire in the late 19th and early 20th century, France's colonial strength did not last as the country was invaded and occupied in 1940 by Nazi Germany followed by the occupation of North Africa by Italy and Far East Asia by Japan. After the Second World War ended in 1945 and France was once more free the French government attempted to re-establish colonial rule in all the former provinces but was fouled in these attempts by defeat at battles such as Dien Bien Phu in 1953 in Vietnam and the rise of western anti-imperialism in the 1950s and 60s.
#7: Chinese Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368 (greatest size-9.40% of the planet)
When the Mongolian empire expanded into China and conquered the territory of the Song dynasty in southern China, the Mongol leader Kublai Khan established what is called in the Chinese language Da Yuan Digou. When he conquered this territory, Kublai not only became emperor of China but also supreme Khan amongst all Khans of the Mongolian empire resulting in a level of power that had not been seen since his grandfather Genghis had ruled the empire before his death in the early 1220s. Yet despite the successful establishment of the Yuan empire, Kublai was pressed by his councils into expanding the Yuan territories resulting in vicious wars with what remained of the Song empire at battles such as the climactic clash at Yamen in 1279.
After Kublai's death in 1294, a succession of rulers attempted to continue Kublai's policy of cultural diversity, accepting trade from Europe and making peace with smaller kingdoms such as Vietnam and Korea. This ended however with the rule of emperor Wuzong ( ruled 1307-1311) which saw the Yuan Dynasty fall into slow economic decline after some ill-advised monetary reforms to the economy. Emperor Ayurbarwada however managed to reverse much of the Yuan empire's misfortune by reforming the Yuan empire's social and local administrative systems, codifying much of the Yuan law system and embracing Chinese culture more than previous leaders had done. This period of improvement did not last much longer however as by the time of the dynasty's collapse in 1368, the country was rife with civil-war, famine, political divisions and economic recession.
#6: Chinese Qing Dynasty 1644-1912 (greatest size-9.87% of the planet)
Translating from the Chinese language into English as 'Empire of the Great Qing', the Qing dynasty was and is still by far the largest of the Chinese empires before the establishment of the communist People's Republic of China in 1949. As the Qing dynasty started off when the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in the North Eastern Chinese province of Manchuria, it initially seemed as if the small kingdom would not last against the greater might of the Ming dynasty which ruled most of China at the time.
But surely enough, over time the Manchurian forces which had united by 1635, began to push the Ming out of their land which resulted in the destabilisation of the Ming dynasty throughout the mid 1600s. As the century wore on, the Manchurian army under Li Zicheng was swelled to greater numbers by deserters from the Ming army until the complete domination of China was achieved under the Manchurian Kanxi Emperor in 1683.
Over the next 200 years or so, the Qing dynasty enjoyed relative peace and economic prosperity as the rulers of the empire grew closer to the Chinese people by more extensively embracing traditional Chinese culture. This period of prosperity began to fade however when parts of China were colonised by foreign powers such as Germany, France, Italy, America and the UK in the 19th century culminating in the first Sino-Japanese war between 1894-1895 when the Japanese showed that modernisation was the way forwards by using modern rifles, machine-guns, artillery and armoured ships to crush the out-dated Qing military. The Qing empire continued to crumble thereafter resulting in the ill-fated boxer uprising in 1900 near Peking and the overthrowing of the empress Dowager Longyu in 1912.
#5: Ummayad Caliphate 661-750 (greatest size-10.07% of the planet)
Out of the four Islamic Caliphate empires that would come to dominate the middle-east throughout much of medieval and early-modern history, the second caliphate under the Ummayad family was by far the largest and most powerful yet was one of the most short lived surviving only 89 years after its founding by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan after the end of the First Muslim Civil War.
Despite the fact that the empire stretched from Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran in the east through central Asia, the middle-east and North Africa to Spain in the West at its height, many have argued that the oppressive taxes levied by the Caliphate's rulers which moved away from the original teachings of Islam were the main reason for the unrest that plagued this short-lived empire. Regardless however, the Ummayad Caliphate was a powerful state that crushed dissent wherever it ruled with its huge army mainly made up of lightly-armoured horsemen that showed their worth when the empire invaded Spain and outmanoeuvred every European army that blocked its path with greater numbers, leadership and tactics.
However, the Caliphate fell into decline after the turmoil of the Second Muslim Civil War (680-692) and the defeat of a Caliphate army by the army of the Franks in Southern France at the battle of Tours in 732 began a period of military and political decline that later culminated in the Caliphate's collapse after the Third Muslim Civil War (744-747).
#4: The Spanish Empire 1492-1975 (greatest size-13.04% of the planet)
From the landing of Christopher Columbus on the East Coast of America in 1492 to the loss of the last Spanish territory in Africa in 1975, the Spanish empire ushered in the age of the dominance of the European superpowers in foreign affairs during the era of colonial expansion between the 16th and start of the 20th centuries. The famed landing in America of Columbus and his party was not the only thing that opened up the way to Spanish expansion however as Spain won control over all territories of the Iberian peninsular and the 'Gold coast' in Africa in the last years of the 15th century followed by a series of successful conflicts to ensure Spanish control over the Netherlands and much of Italy throughout the 16th century.
With the massive amounts of gold and silver discovered by the eradication of the southern American empires in the middle and later years of the 16th century, the Spanish Empire reached its height as it was able to fund Europe's most professional army at the time and conquer huge swathes of lands in the Americas, Africa and pacific islands. However, over time the Spanish empire was continually raided by the navies of France, Britain and the Dutch which caused a slow and steady decline in the Spanish economy. This was further instigated by the long and ultimately fatal war for Spain's domination of the Netherlands between 1568 and the early-mid 1600s.
After this period of misfortune however, Spain regained many lost territories and began economic and military reforms with the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty in 1700. Throughout the 1700s the Bourbon's defeated attempts to remove them from power, expelled opposing religious groups from colonial territories in America and defeated the hold of the British over a number of wars in the Mediterranean which brought a number of important trading lanes under Spanish domination.
After the late 1700s though, the Spanish lost territories in America to France who then sold them off to the recently established United States of America and suffered humiliating military defeats on sea such as at the battle of Trafalgar in 1805 and on land in the wave of revolutions that swept southern America in the 1810s and 1820s. Over the next 150 years or so, the Spanish empire declined as more and more territories broke from Spanish rule which culminated in the disastrous battle of Annual in Morocco in 1921 in which North African rebels showed up the corruption and weakness of the Spanish army and government by defeating a far larger Spanish army. From here on out the Spanish empire declined until the final ceding of Spanish territory in 1975
#3: The Russian Empire 1721-1917 (greatest size-15.31% of world's landmass)
Even simply taking into account the mass of Russia itself, the Russian Empire that succeeded the Tsardom of Russia was colossal and ruled over much of central and northern Asia at the height of its power. At its start, the empire had a confusing future as there was a huge deal of land that needed farming but the population of Russia in the early 1700s was less than 15 million resulting in the majority of the population becoming farmers while only a small number lived in towns and became politicians.
Under empress Catherine the Great (ruled 1762-1796) the Russian Empire expanded its territories in eastern Europe and defeated the Turkish Ottoman empire in multiple wars of territorial dispute. This period of power continued even through the massive invasion of Russia by France in 1812 until in the 1850s when Russia once again went to war against Turkey but was this time drawn into a disastrous conflict against France and Great Britain and lost some parts of the Crimean peninsular. This resulted in a period of decline that culminated in two revolutions against the autocratic regime; the revolution of 1905 established a constitutional monarchy while the second revolution of 1917 against Russian involvement in World War One resulted in the end of the Russian empire and the establishment of the Soviet Union.
#2: The Mongol Empire 1206-1368 (greatest size-22.14% of world's landmass)
When the legendary Genghis Khan united all of the Mongol and Turkic tribes of Mongolia in 1206, he did so with the aim of creating a singular and united people that would be able to defeat all threats put against them. Initially, the main target of the Mongolian army's wrath and that of its leader was the Chinese kingdom of the Sung dynasty and later the Khwazerwarheim empire. After the conquering of these kingdoms, the death of Genghis sometime between 1223 and 1227 and the death of his successor Ogedai in 1241, the empire experienced a period of instability as warring factions competed for dominance of the empire.
Despite the unification of the empire under Guyuk Khan in the civil war that followed, the Mongol empire would never be as feared and powerful as it was under Genghis and Ogedai despite the huge swathes of territories the empire conquered and the size and organisation of its armies. A physical example of this can be found in accounts of the battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 which remains the only pitched battle where the Mongols were decisively defeated. Despite the power of successive Khans, the Mongol empire declined from here on out and eventually crumbled in the later decades of the 1300s following the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368.
Despite the unification of the empire under Guyuk Khan in the civil war that followed, the Mongol empire would never be as feared and powerful as it was under Genghis and Ogedai despite the huge swathes of territories the empire conquered and the size and organisation of its armies. A physical example of this can be found in accounts of the battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 which remains the only pitched battle where the Mongols were decisively defeated. Despite the power of successive Khans, the Mongol empire declined from here on out and eventually crumbled in the later decades of the 1300s following the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368.
#1: The British Empire 1497-1997 (greatest size-22.63% of global landmass)
Despite the fact that the British empire never reached its full height until halfway through the 18th century, it is still recognised as the largest and most influential empire in living memory encompassing territories as far and wide as Canada, India, the Middle-East, Australia and New Zealand and multiple African nations and introducing a large number of countries to relatively modern technologies such as connected, nationwide railways, radio, television and mechanised armies. For the first 200 or so years that England began to colonise territories from 1497 to the end of the 1600s between the "age of discovery" and the unification of Great Britain, the only real expansion consisted of establishing small colonies in America and establishing trade routes through the Mediterranean into Africa, India and the far east.
Following the unification of Great Britain in 1707 and the subsequent wars with Spain, France and the Dutch republic, Great Britain was left as the dominant power on the North African side of the Mediterranean ocean. With this new-found power and access to the Suez Canal as well as one of the world's finest and largest navies, Great Britain began its colonisation of India and parts of southern and eastern Africa. This increased the power of the British state by bringing huge profit through trade and power through the recruits for the British military that were gained by conquering these territories. Despite opposition to British colonialism in Canada and America in the 1750's from France and again in the 1770's from American revolutionaries, the British empire remained the largest and most powerful empire of its day.
This condition was strengthened further after the British defeated France and Spain at the naval battle of Trafalgar in 1805 which in turn also cemented Britain's naval supremacy up until World War One (1914-1918). over the next hundred or so years after the battle of Trafalgar the British remained the world's main superpower as empires such as those of France and Spain came and went according to the waxing and waning power of their governments whereas Britain continually experienced political stability because of its balance between government and monarchy.
However, even as the empire reached its zenith at the end of World War One and during the 1920's, the economic strain of the war and the rise of nationalism in India prompted a wave of somewhat timid albeit increasingly confrontational dissent across the empire. This dissent increased with the economic strain put on the British empire by the Second World War (1939-1945) which resulted in such a widespread wave of nationalism across territories that it prompted a swathe of countries gaining independence from Britain in the late 1940's and throughout the 1950's. This continued throughout the 20th century until finally in 1997, the United Kingdom finally handed over its last major imperial territory of Hong Kong city to the People's Republic of China.
I hope you guys have enjoyed this top ten, please be sure to submit suggestions for future top tens and I'd greatly appreciate it. Until next time, keep safe, clever and happy.
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